Pauwel Casteels (Flemish, c. 1656-1683), Battle of Vienna, 1683-5 (Wilanów Palace Museum, Warsaw, Poland).
The Battle of Vienna (German: Schlacht am Kahlen Berge or Kahlenberg (Battle of the Bald Mountain); Polish: bitwa pod Wiedniem or odsiecz wiedeńska (The Relief of Vienna); Modern Turkish:İkinci Viyana Kuşatması,Ottoman Turkish: Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası) took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by
under the command of King John III Sobieski against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
BATTLE OF KAHLENBERG.
Mehmet IV — Ottoman sultan.
Leopold I of Austria, Holy roman emperor.
Jan III Sobieski — King of Poland.
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha; Ottoman Grand Vizier; led the Second Siege of Vienna.
The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed, and they reached Vienna after it had been relieved). The Viennese garrison was led by Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The overall command was held by the senior leader, the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the relief forces.
The opposing military forces were those of the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman fiefdoms, commanded by Grand VizierMerzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Ottoman army numbered approximately90,000 to 200,000 men (according to documents on the order of battle found in Kara Mustafa's tent, initial strength at the start of the campaign was 170,000 men). They began the siege on 14 July 1683. Ottoman forces consisted, among other units, of 60 ortas or Janissaries (12,000 men paper-strength) with an observation army of some 70,000 men watching the countryside. The decisive battle took place on 12 September, after the arrival of the united relief army.
Historians suggest the battle marked the turning point in the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, a 300-year struggle between the Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires. During the 16 years following the battle, the Austrian Habsburgs gradually recovered and dominated southern Hungary and Transylvania, which had been largely cleared of Ottoman forces. The battle is noted for including the largest known cavalry charge in history.
Aftermath
Contemporary Ottoman historian Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha (1658-1723) described the battle as an enormous defeat and failure for the Ottoman Empire, the most disastrous since the foundation of Ottoman statehood in 1299. The Ottomans lost at least 20,000 men during the siege, while their losses during the battle with Sobieski's forces amounted to around 15,000 dead (according to Podhorodecki)or 8,000-15,000 dead and 5,000 captured (according to Tucker). Casualties of the allied relief force under Sobieski's command were much smaller, amounting to approximately 3,500 dead and wounded, including 1,300 Poles.Tucker's estimate is slightly higher: 4,500.The Viennese garrison and the civilian populace lost, due to all causes, about half of their initial number during the siege.
The Battle of Vienna, Surrender of the Ottoman Army in Vienna, 1683 1683, Nancy. Musee Historique Lorrain.
The Holy League troops and the Viennese took a large amount of loot from the Ottoman army, which Sobieski vividly described in a letter to his wife a few days after the battle:
“Ours are treasures unheard of ... tents, sheep, cattle and no small number of camels ... it is victory as nobody ever knew before, the enemy now completely ruined, everything lost for them. They must run for their sheer lives ... General Starhemberg hugged and kissed me and called me his saviour.”
Starhemberg immediately ordered the repair of Vienna's severely damaged fortifications to guard against a possible Ottoman counterstrike. However, this proved unnecessary.
Soon the Ottomans disposed of their defeated commander. On 25 December 1683 Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed in Belgrade in the approved manner — by strangulation with a silk rope pulled by several men on each end — by order of the commander of the Janissaries.
Polish winged hussars.
Despite the victory of the Catholic Christian allies, there was still tension among the various commanders and their armies. For example, Sobieski demanded that Polish troops be allowed to have first choice of the spoils of the Ottoman camp. German and Austrian troops were left with smaller portions of the loot. Also, the Protestant Saxons, who had arrived to relieve the city, were apparently subjected to verbal abuse by the Catholic populace of the Viennese countryside. The Saxons left the battle immediately, without partaking in the sharing of spoils, and refused to continue pursuit.
Sobieski went on to liberate Grau and northwestern Hungary after the Battle of Parkany, but dysentery halted his pursuit of the Ottomans. Charles V took Belgrade and most of Serbia in 1686 and established Habsburg control over southern Hungary and most of Transylvania in 1687.
The Ottoman defeat at Vienna sparked great celebrations in Safavid Iran; the report was apparently brought in such a spectacular way, that then incumbent King (Shah) Suleiman I (r. 1666-1694) considered a march to Baghdad, which had been lost in 1639 to the Ottomans by virtue of the Treaty of Zuhab. Ultimately, the Safavids did not conduct a new campaign, for concerned state officials (notably the dominant eunuch faction within the royal court) were aware of the decline in Safavid military strength, and thus did not consider it prudent. The eunuchs, according to Professor Rudi Matthee "were not against the idea of having the Ottomans suffer some humiliation, but they did not want their power destroyed for fear that this would remove a buffer against Christian Europe".
1683
Significance
The victory at Vienna set the stage for the reconquest of Hungary and (temporarily) some of the Balkan lands in the following years by Louis of Baden, Maximilian Emmanuel of Bavaria and Prince Eugene of Savoy. The Ottomans fought on for another 16 years, losing control of Hungary and Transylvania in the process before finally desisting. The Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire in 1699. The battle marked the historic end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe.
📹 Ottoman Expansion To Europe and The Battle of Vienna / Eamonn Gearon (VİDEO)
Ottoman Expansion To Europe and The Battle of Vienna / Eamonn Gearon (LINK)
The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire, under the command of King John III Sobieski against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world".In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
📹 Battle of Vienna 1529 and 1683 conquest and invasion of Europe by Muslim Ottoman Turks (VİDEO)
📹 Battle of Vienna 1529 and 1683 conquest and invasion of Europe by Muslim Ottoman Turks (LINK)
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📹 The Battle of Vienna, 1683 — A Documentary (VİDEO)
📹 The Battle of Vienna, 1683 — A Documentary (LINK)
“It's no secret that the Crusades are one of the most fascinating periods in history. This channel deals with the Crusades in their fullest extent, including the Crusades in the Holy Land, Spain, and the Baltic.”
📹 How did the Ottomans Lose the Battle of Vienna? (VİDEO)
📹 How did the Ottomans Lose the Battle of Vienna? (LINK)
Born into Polish nobility, Sobieski was educated at the Jagiellonian University and toured western Europe in his youth. As a soldier and later commander, he fought in the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Russo-Polish War and during the Swedish invasion known as the Deluge. Sobieski demonstrated his military prowess during the war against the Ottoman Empire and established himself as a leading figure in Poland and Lithuania. In 1674, he was elected monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Sobieski's 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of previous conflicts. Popular among his subjects, he was an able military leader, most famous for his victory over the Turks at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. After his victories over them, the Ottomans called him the “Lion of Lechistan ”; and the Pope hailed him as the savior of Christendom. Suffering from poor health and obesity in later life, Sobieski died in 1696 and was buried at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. He was succeeded by Augustus II.
📹 Jan Sobieski — The Polish King Who Saved Europe (VİDEO)
📹 Jan Sobieski — The Polish King Who Saved Europe (LINK)
Jan Sobieski was a Polish King who ruled from 1674-1696. He became famous in Europe for his bravery, skill, and command on the battlefield. His leadership at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 saved Europe from the conquering Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire eventually gave him the nickname "Lion of Lechistan" after his many victories over them. His is remembered in Poland as a hero king who shined in Europe's darkest hours.
📹 Jan III Sobieski attacks the Turkish army at Vienna from the Kahlenberg (VİDEO)
📹 Jan III Sobieski attacks the Turkish army at Vienna from the Kahlenberg (LINK)
.From the Polish/Italian movie The Day of the Siege September Eleven 1683 also known as Die Belagerung (2012).
In the summer of 1683, 300,000 warriors of the Ottoman Empire began the siege of Vienna. The fall of the city would have opened the way to conquer Europe. On September 11. was the main battle between the Polish cavalry and the Turks.
